C++ is a general-purpose object-oriented programming (OOP) language, developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, and is an extension of the C language. It is therefore possible to code C++ in a "C style" or "object-oriented style." In certain scenarios, it can be coded in either way and is thus an effective example of a hybrid language.

Real-World Applications of C++

1. Games:

C++ overrides the complexities of 3D games, optimizes resource management and facilitates multiplayer with networking. The language is extremely fast, allows procedural programming for CPU intensive functions and provides greater control over hardware, because of which it has been widely used in development of gaming engines. For instance, the science fiction game Doom 3 is cited as an example of a game that used C++ well and the Unreal Engine, a suite of game development tools, is written in C++.

2. Graphic User Interface (GUI) based applications:

Many highly used applications, such as Image Ready, Adobe Premier, Photoshop and Illustrator, are scripted in C++.

3. Web Browsers:

With the introduction of specialized languages such as PHP and Java, the adoption of C++ is limited for scripting of websites and web applications. However, where speed and reliability are required, C++ is still preferred. For instance, a part of Google’s back-end is coded in C++, and the rendering engine of a few open source projects, such as web browser Mozilla Firefox and email client Mozilla Thunderbird, are also scripted in the programming language.

4. Advance Computations and Graphics:

C++ provides the means for building applications requiring real-time physical simulations, high-performance image processing, and mobile sensor applications. Maya 3D software, used for integrated 3D modeling, visual effects and animation, is coded in C++.

5. Database Software:

C++ and C have been used for scripting MySQL, one of the most popular database management software. The software forms the backbone of a variety of database-based enterprises, such as Google, Wikipedia, Yahoo and YouTube etc.

6. Operating Systems:

C++ forms an integral part of many of the prevalent operating systems including Apple’s OS X and various versions of Microsoft Windows, and the erstwhile Symbian mobile OS.

7. Enterprise Software:

C++ finds a purpose in banking and trading enterprise applications, such as those deployed by Bloomberg and Reuters. It is also used in development of advanced software, such as flight simulators and radar processing.

8. Medical and Engineering Applications:

Many advanced medical equipments, such as MRI machines, use C++ language for scripting their software. It is also part of engineering applications, such as high-end CAD/CAM systems.

9. Compilers:

A host of compilers including Apple C++, Bloodshed Dev-C++, Clang C++ and MINGW make use of C++ language.  C and its successor C++ are leveraged for diverse software and platform development requirements, from operating systems to graphic designing applications. Further, these languages have assisted in the development of new languages for special purposes like C#, Java, PHP, Verilog etc.

C++ Syllabus:-

C++ Characteristics 
Object-Oriented Terminology 
Polymorphism 
Object-Oriented Paradigm 
Abstract Data Types 
I/O Services 
Standard Template Library 
Standards Compliance 

Functions and Variables

Functions: Declaration and Definition 
Variables: Definition, Declaration, and Scope 
Variables: Dynamic Creation and Derived Data 
Arrays and Strings in C++ 
Qualifiers 

Classes in C++

Defining Classes in C++ 
Classes and Encapsulation 
Member Functions 
Instantiating and Using Classes 
Using Constructors 
Multiple Constructors and Initialization Lists 
Using Destructors to Destroy Instances 
Friendship 

Operator Overloading

Operator Overloading 
Working with Overloaded Operator Methods 

Initialization and Assignment

Initialization vs. Assignment 
The Copy Constructor 
Assigning Values 
Specialized Constructors and Methods 
Constant and Static Class Members 

Storage Management

Memory Allocation 
Dynamic Allocation: new and delete 

Inheritance

Overview of Inheritance 
Defining Base and Derived Classes 
Constructor and Destructor Calls 

Polymorphism

Overview of Polymorphism 

Input and Output in C++ Programs

Standard Streams 
Manipulators 
Unformatted Input and Output 
File Input and Output 

Exceptions

Exceptions 
Inheritance and Exceptions 
Exception Hierarchies 
Inside an Exception Handler 

Templates

Template Overview 
Customizing a Templated Method 
Standard Template Library Containers